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Plant Anatomy

by James D. Mauseth

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Preface 1 Introduction 1 Introduction to Plant Anatomy 1 Introduction to Higher Plants 3 The Major Groups of Plants 3 The Structure of Higher Plants 6 PART I Subcellular Anatomy 11 2 The Cell 13 Concepts 13 The Cell 14 Membranes 17 The Nucleus 18 The Vacuole 21 The Plastids 22 Proplastids 24 Chloroplasts 24 Amyloplasts 24 Elaioplasts 26 Chromoplasts 26 Etioplasts 26 Mitochondria 26 Endoplasmic Reticulum 27 Dictyosomes 28 Microbodies 29 Ribosomes 29 Microtubules 30 Microfilaments 30 Hyaloplasm 30 Ergastic Substances 31 Starch 31 Lipid 31 Tannins 31 Crystals 32 DRUSES 32 RAPHIDES 32 STYLOIDS 33 Silica Bodies and Stegmata 34 Protein Bodies 34 Mucilages 34 The Cell Wall 35 Chemical Structure of the Wall 35 Gross Structure of the Wall 38 Plasmodesmata 39 PART II Simple Tissues 41 3 Parenchyma 43 Concepts 43 Examples 44 Synthetic Parenchyma 44 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARENCHYMA 44 MERISTEMATIC PARENCHYMA 44 SECRETORY PARENCHYMA 45 Structural Parenchyma 45 AERENCHYMA 45 Boundary Parenchyma 46 EPIDERMIS 46 ENDODERMIS 47 Transport Parenchyma 47 TRANSFER CELLS 47 SIEVE ELEMENTS 48 LIGHT TRANSMISSION 48 Storage Parenchyma 48 Cell Shape 49 Development 50 Phylogenetic Development 50 Ontogenetic Development 50 4 Collenchyma 53 Concepts 53 Types of Collenchyma 53 Angular Collenchyma 53 Lamellar Collenchyma 53 Lacunar Collenchyma 54 Annular Collenchyma 54 Nature of the Wall 55 Position in the Plant 58 5 Sclerenchyma 61 Concepts 61 Nature of the Wall 61 Nature of the Protoplast 65 Types of Sclerenchyma 66 Sclereids 67 Development of Sclereids 70 Fibers 71 Development of Fibers 72 PHYLOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT 72 ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT 73 Unusual Types of Fibers 74 GELATINOUS FIBERS 74 SEPTATE FIBERS 74 SUBSTITUTE FIBERS 75 Fiber Identification 75 Terminology 75 PART III Complex Tissues 77 6 Apical Meristems 79 Concepts 79 Types of Meristems 84 Position of the Meristem 84 Types of Derivatives Produced by the Meristem 85 Sequence of Formation of the Meristems 85 The Vegetative Shoot Apical Meristem 86 In Vascular Cryptogams 86 In Seed Plants 87 General Features of Vegetative Shoot Apical Meristems 90 Activity of the Shoot Apical Meristem 94 Branching 95 Dichotomous Branching 95 Axillary Buds 96 Adventitious Buds 96 Development of the Shoot Apical Meristem 97 Phylogenetic Development 97 Ontogenetic Development 98 The Reproductive Shoot Apical Meristem 98 Death of the Shoot Apical Meristem 101 The Root Apical Meristem 101 In Vascular Cryptogams 101 In Seed Plants 103 Ultrastructure of Meristematic Cells 105 7 Xylem 109 Concepts 109 Walls of Tracheary Elements 114 Patterns of Secondary Wall Deposition 114 ANNULAR 114 HELICAL 114 SCALARIFORM 115 RETICULATE 115 CIRCULAR BORDERED PITS 115 Perforations 119 Size and Shape of Tracheary Elements 122 Tracheids 122 Vessel Elements and Vessels 122 Development 123 Phylogenetic Development 123 EVOLUTION OF THE PERFORATION PLATE 123 Ontogenetic Development 125 Structure in Relation to Function in Water Condition 126 8 Phloem 129 Concepts 129 Structure of Phloem 130 Conducting Cells 130 Companion Cells and Albuminous Cells 134 Development 136 Phylogenetic Development 136 Ontogenetic Development 137 Protophloem 140 9 Secretory Cells and Tissues 141 Concepts 141 Methods of Classifying Secretory Systems 142 Nature of the Secretory Product 142 Mechanism of Secretion 146 Purpose of the Secretion 148 Accumulation Space 149 Examples 152 Secretion by a Single Internal Cell 152 MYROSIN CELLS 152 MUCILAGE CELLS 153 NONARTICULATED LATICIFERS 154 Secretion by a Single External Cell 155 STINGING HAIRS 155 NECTARY OF LONICERA 155 SEPTAL NECTARIES 156 Secretion by Internal Complexes of Cells 157 HYDATHODES 157 ARTICULATED LATICIFERS 158 LATEX DUCTS IN MAMMILLARIA 160 MUCILAGE CANALS 162 Secretion by External Complexes of Cells 163 EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES OF ANCISTROCACTUS 163 SALT GLANDS 164 DIGESTIVE GLANDS 165 10 Epidermis 167 Concepts 167 Functions of the Epidermis 167 Water Regulation 167 Protection Against Sunlight 169 Protection Against Other Organisms 169 Protection Against Nonbiological Agents 170 Epidermal Function in Reproduction 170 Epidermal Function in Secretion 171 Types of Epidermal Cells 171 Ordinary Epidermal Cells 171 CUTIN AND THE CUTICLE 175 WAX 177 Guard Cells and Stomata 180 Trichomes 189 NONGLANDULAR TRICHOMES 190 GLANDULAR TRICHOMES 193 Root Hairs 193 Unusual Epidermal Cells 194 LITHOCYSTS 194 SILICA CELLS AND CORK CELLS 194 BULLIFORM CELLS 194 Multiple Epidermis and Hypodermis 195 Root Epidermis 196 Development of the Epidermis 196 Ontogenetic Development 196 Phylogenetic Development 197 PART IV The Primary Vegetative Body of the Plant 199 11 Stem 201 Concepts 201 Arrangement of Tissues 204 Epidermis 204 Cortex 205 CORTICAL BUNDLES 208 ENDODERMIS 209 Pith 210 MEDULLARY BUNDLES 211 Primary Vascular Tissues 211 ARRANGEMENT OF THE BUNDLES 211 PRIMARY VASCULAR TISSUES WITHIN THE BUNDLES 214 NODES 222 Development of the Stele 225 Phylogenetic Development 225 PROTOSTELES 226 SIPHONOSTELES 226 SIPHONOSTELES IN FERNS 227 SIPHONOSTELES IN SEED PLANTS 229 UNUSUAL STELES 229 12 Leaf 231 Concepts 231 Structure of Foliage Leaves 231 Epidermis 233 Palisade Parenchyma 234 Spongy Mesophyll 236 Vascular System of the Dicot Foliage Leaf 239 Petiole and Node of Dicot Leaves 244 Vascular System of Monocot Leaves 247 Stem-Leaf Junction of Monocots 250 Structure of Fern Leaves 252 Structure of Gymnosperm Leaves 252 Structure of Modified Leaves 255 Kranz Anatomy and C4 Photosynthesis 255 Xeromorphic Foliage Leaves 257 Submerged Foliage Leaves 258 Cataphylls 259 Hypsophylls 260 Development 261 Ontogenetic Development 261 ONTOGENY OF BIFACIAL LEAVES 261 ONTOGENY OF UNIFACIAL LEAVES 265 Phylogenetic Development 265 MICROPHYLLS 265 MEGAPHYLLS 266 13 Root 269 Concepts 269 Structure of the Root Primary Body 271 Mucigel 271 Epidermis 273 Cortex 275 ENDODERMIS 275 EXODERMIS 278 BODY OF THE CORTEX 279 Stele 279 Branching 284 Dimorphic Roots 286 The Root-Shoot Interface 289 Mycorrhizae 289 Ectomycorrhizae 290 Endomycorrhizae 290 Root Nodules and Nitrogen Fixation 291 PART V The Secondary Body of the Plant 295 14 Vascular Cambium 297 Concepts 297 Structure of the Vascular Cambium 298 Cell Types in the Vascular Cambium 300 Fusiform Initials 301 CELL DIVISION IN THE FUSIFORM INITIALS 304 Ray Initials 308 Interconversions of Fusiform Initials and Ray Initials 309 Infected Vascular Cambia 310 Development of.

Genre: Science / Life Sciences / Biology (fancy, right?)

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