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This Climate Note discusses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs), charges on embodied carbon in imports potentially ...
Achieving the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals requires cutting global CO2 emissions 25 to 50 percent this decade, followed by a rapid transition...
There is growing interest in international coordination over climate mitigation policy. Climate clubs or international carbon price floors could compl...
The Central, Eastern, and South Eastern European (CESEE) region is ripe for a reassessment of the role of the state in economic activity. The rapid in...
Countries are increasingly committing to midcentury ‘net-zero’ emissions targets under the Paris Agreement, but limiting global warming to 1.5 to ...
Post-Communist Europe and the IMF
The past 25 years have seen a dramatic transformation in Europe’s former communist countries, resulting in their reintegration with the global econo...
A General Framework
This paper provides a general framework to assess the output and debt dynamics of an economy undertaking multi-year fiscal adjustment. The framework a...
Opportunities and Challenges
An assessment of public infrastructure development in the Western Balkans. The paper quantifies the large gaps across various sectors/dimensions, eval...
Europe’s high pre-existing level of financial development can partly account for the relatively smaller reach of fintech payment and lending activit...